备份
直接拷贝oracle目录下的admin、oradata(datafile， controlfile，redo)、flash_recovery_area三个文件夹，db_1目录下database(PWDfile、pfile)、dbs(spfile)、NETWORK/ADMIN(listener.ora、tnsnames.ora)，到其他存储实现备份。
恢复
方法一：最简单的方法（需建库）
1.创建一个和原来一样的数据库。(安装路径和数据库名必须和原来一致)
2.停止数据库 shutdown immediate；
3. 复制安装目录下的admin、oradata、flash_recovery_area覆盖，复制database(PWDfile、pfile) 覆盖
4. 启动数据库 startup;
方法二：（不需建库，稍麻烦点）
(1)：操作系统重装，如果做冷备恢复，要保证相同操作系统，相同的数据库版本。
(2)：正常安装oracle软件，只需要安装软件，不用建实例。
(3)：数据覆盖，包括数据文件、参数文件、控制文件、日志文件、pwd文件，放在与原系统相同的目录。如果目录有所改变，则需要另外建立控制文件，修改pfile。
(4)：建立服务：使用oradim 命令 cmd下 oradim -new -sid gbicc ，表示建立一个服务，sid为gbicc。如果是在linux下，不需要此步。
(5)：建立监听： net configuration assintant 来建立(建议将源系统的network下的文件拷过来，根据实际情况修改)。
(6)：打开数据库： cmd
set oracle_sid=gbicc;
sqlplus /nolog;
Conn / as sysdba;
startup;
至此，冷备份恢复成功。
5.1 创建数据文件大小20M的表空间
> CREATE TABLESPACE usertbs1 datafile'D:\tmp\usertbs1.DBF' SIZE 20M;
5.2 区定制分配
> CREATE TABLESPACE usertbs1 datafile
'D:\tmp\usertbs1.DBF' SIZE 20M
EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL UNIFORM SIZE 512K;
5.3 每次自动扩展1M，最大值为100MB
> ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE
'D:\tmp\usertbs1.DBF'
AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 1M MAXSIZE 100M;
5.4 创建临时表空间
> CREATE TEMPORARY TABLESPACE temptbs TEMPFILE
'D:\tmp\temptbs.DBF' SIZE 20M
EXTEND MANAGEMENT LOCAL UNIFORM SIZE 10M;
/*设置当前默认表空间*/
> ALTER DATABASE DEFAULT TABLESPACE temptbs;
5.5 对表空间联机脱机
> ALTER TABLESPACE usertbs1 OFFLINE;
> ALTER TABLESPACE usertbs1 ONLINE;
5.9 为表空间添加数据文件
> ALTER TABLESPACE usertbs1 ADD DATAFILE
'D:\tmp\USERS05.DBF' SIZE 50M;
10题与9题一样
5.12 数据文件更名
> ALTER TABLESPACE usertbs1 OFFLINE;
手动改数据文件名为 USERS005.DBFs
> ALTER TABLESPACE usertbs1 RENAME DATAFILE
'D:\tmp\USERS05.DBF' TO
'D:\tmp\USERS005.DBF';
> ALTER TABLESPACE usertbs1 ONLINE;
5.14 添加重做日志组，包含redo5a.log和redo5b.log,大小为5MB
> ALTER DATABASE ADD LOGFILE GROUP 4
('D:\tmp\redo5a.log', 'D:\tmp\redo5b.log')
SIZE 5M;
5.15 添加日志文件成员
> ALTER DATABASE ADD LOGFILE MEMBER
'D:\tmp\redo5c.log' TO GROUP 4;
5.16 切换归档模式且自动归档
> SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE
> STARTUP MOUNT
> ALTER DATABASE ARCHIVELOG
> ALTER DATABASE OPEN
5.17 设置数据库归档路径
> ALTER SYSTEM SET db_recovery_file_dest="D:\ORACLE\BACKUP";
6`1
6.2 建表
> CREATE TABLE exer_class(
CNO NUMBER(2) PRIMARY KEY,
CNAME VARCHAR(20),
NUM NUMBER(3)
);
> CREATE TABLE exer_studnet(
SNO NUMBER(4) PRIMARY KEY,
SNAME VARCHAR(10) UNIQUE,
SAGE NUMBER,
SEX CHAR(2),
CNO NUMBER(2)
);
6.3 添加检查约束
> ALTER TABLE exer_studnet ADD
CONSTRAINT S_CK CHECK (SAGE BETWEEN 0 AND 100);
6.4 取值为M或F，默认M
> ALTER TABLE exer_studnet ADD
CONSTRAINT SEX_CK CHECK(SEX IN ('M','F'));
> ALTER TABLE exer_studnet MODIFY SEX DEFAULT 'M';
6.5 建立唯一索引
> CREATE UNIQUE INDEX class_name_index ON exer_class(CNAME);
6.6 创建视图
> CREATE VIEW cl_stu_view as
SELECT c.CNO, c.CNAME, s.SNO, s.SNAME FROM exer_class c, exer_studnet s
WHERE s.CNO=c.CNO;
6.7 创建序列
> CREATE SEQUENCE no_seq START WITH 100000001 INCREMENT BY 1 NOCACHE NOCYCLE;
6.8 表格分区
> CREATE TABLESPACE EXAMPLE DATAFILE
'D:\tmp\EXAMPLE.DBF' SIZE 50M;
> CREATE TABLESPACE ORCLTBS1 DATAFILE
'D:\tmp\ORCLTBS1.DBF' SIZE 50M;
> CREATE TABLESPACE ORCLTBS2 DATAFILE
'D:\tmp\ORCLTBS2.DBF' SIZE 50M;
> CREATE TABLE exer_student_range(
SNO NUMBER(4) PRIMARY KEY,
SNAME VARCHAR(10) UNIQUE,
SAGE NUMBER,
SEX CHAR(2),
CNO NUMBER(2)
)
PARTITION BY RANGE(SAGE)(
PARTITION P1 VALUES LESS THAN (20) TABLESPACE EXAMPLE,
PARTITION P2 VALUES LESS THAN (30) TABLESPACE ORCLTBS1,
PARTITION P3 VALUES LESS THAN (MAXVALUE) TABLESPACE ORCLTBS2
);
6.9 按性别分区
> CREATE TABLE exer_student_list(
SNO NUMBER(4) PRIMARY KEY,
SNAME VARCHAR(10) UNIQUE,
SAGE NUMBER,
SEX CHAR(2),
CNO NUMBER(2)
)
PARTITION BY LIST(SEX)(
PARTITION male VALUES('M') TABLESPACE ORCLTBS1,
PARTITION female VALUES('F') TABLESPACE ORCLTBS2
);
6.10 本地分区索引
> CREATE INDEX student_local ON exer_student_range(SAGE) LOCAL;
9.1 输出所有员工
> SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;
> DECLARE
CURSOR cursor_emp IS
SELECT ENAME, EMPNO, SAL, DEPTNO from emp;
BEGIN
FOR emp_record IN cursor_emp
LOOP
EXIT WHEN cursor_emp%NOTFOUND;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(emp_record.ENAME||' '||emp_record.EMPNO
||' '||emp_record.SAL||' '||emp_record.DEPTNO);
END LOOP;
END;
/
9.2 输出比平均工资高的员工
> SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;
> DECLARE
CURSOR cursor_emp IS
SELECT ENAME, EMPNO, SAL, DEPTNO FROM EMP
WHERE SAL>(SELECT AVG(SAL) FROM EMP);
BEGIN
FOR emp_record IN cursor_emp
LOOP
EXIT WHEN cursor_emp%NOTFOUND;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(emp_record.ENAME||' '||emp_record.EMPNO
||' '||emp_record.SAL||' '||emp_record.DEPTNO);
END LOOP;
END;
/
9.3 输出员工及部门名
> SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;
> DECLARE
CURSOR cursor_emp IS
SELECT ENAME, EMPNO, SAL, d.DNAME FROM EMP e, DEPT d
WHERE e.DEPTNO=d.DEPTNO;
BEGIN
FOR emp_record IN cursor_emp
LOOP
EXIT WHEN cursor_emp%NOTFOUND;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(emp_record.ENAME||' '||emp_record.EMPNO
||' '||emp_record.SAL||' '||emp_record.DNAME);
END LOOP;
END;
/
9.4 查找员工
> SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;
> DECLARE
emp_record EMP%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
SELECT * INTO emp_record FROM EMP where ENAME='Smith';
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(emp_record.ENAME||' '||emp_record.EMPNO
||' '||emp_record.SAL||' '||emp_record.HIREDATE||' '||emp_record.DEPTNO);
EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
INSERT INTO EMP(EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL, HIREDATE, DEPTNO) VALUES
(210, 'Smith', 'AD_VP', 7500, to_date ( '2000-10-05' , 'YYYY-MM-DD' ), 20);
WHEN TOO_MANY_ROWS THEN
FOR v_emp IN (SELECT * INTO emp_record FROM EMP where ENAME='Smith')
LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_emp.ENAME||' '||v_emp.EMPNO
||' '||v_emp.SAL||' '||v_emp.HIREDATE||' '||v_emp.DEPTNO);
END LOOP;
END;
/
10.1 创建存储过程
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE outSal(
id EMP.EMPNO%TYPE)
AS
salary EMP.SAL%TYPE;
BEGIN
SELECT SAL INTO salary FROM EMP WHERE EMP.EMPNO=id;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(salary);
EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('对不起，没有此员工！');
END outSal;
/
> call outSal(210);
10.2 加工资
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE increaSal(
id EMP.EMPNO%TYPE)
AS
emp_increment NUMBER;
emp_dept EMP.DEPTNO%TYPE;
BEGIN
SELECT DEPTNO INTO emp_dept FROM EMP WHERE EMP.EMPNO=id;
IF emp_dept=10 THEN emp_increment := 140;
ELSIF emp_dept=20 THEN emp_increment := 200;
ELSIF emp_dept=30 THEN emp_increment := 250;
ELSE emp_increment := 300;
END IF;
UPDATE emp SET sal = sal + emp_increment
WHERE EMP.EMPNO=id;
END;
/
> call increaSal(210);
10.5 创建包，包含函数和过程
> CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE mypkg IS
FUNCTION maxSal(dno EMP.DEPTNO%TYPE) return EMP.SAL%TYPE;
PROCEDURE staff(dno EMP.DEPTNO%TYPE);
END mypkg;
/
> CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY mypkg IS
FUNCTION maxSal(dno EMP.DEPTNO%TYPE)
return EMP.SAL%TYPE IS
max_sal EMP.SAL%TYPE;
BEGIN
SELECT MAX(SAL) INTO max_sal
FROM EMP where DEPTNO=dno;
RETURN max_sal;
END maxSal;
PROCEDURE staff(dno EMP.DEPTNO%TYPE) IS
CURSOR cursor_emp IS
SELECT EMPNO, ENAME FROM (SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, SAL FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=dno)
where SAL=maxSal(dno);
BEGIN
FOR emp_record IN cursor_emp
loop
dbms_output.put_line('No:'||emp_record.EMPNO||' Name:'||emp_record.ENAME);
end loop;
END staff;
END mypkg;
/
> EXECUTE MyPKG.maxSal(20);
> EXECUTE MyPKG.staff(20);
10.6 包含过程和鼠标
> CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE mypkg IS
CURSOR cursor_emp IS SELECT * FROM EMP;
PROCEDURE staff;
END mypkg;
/
> CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY mypkg IS
PROCEDURE staff IS
BEGIN
FOR emp_record IN cursor_emp
loop
EXIT WHEN cursor_emp%ROWCOUNT>5 or cursor_emp%NOTFOUND;
dbms_output.put_line('No:'||emp_record.EMPNO||' Name:'||emp_record.ENAME);
end loop;
END staff;
END mypkg;
/
> EXECUTE MyPKG.staff;
10.7 创建触发器
> CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trg_secure_emp
BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON EMP
BEGIN
IF TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'HH24:MI') NOT BETWEEN '08:00' AND '17:00'
THEN
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR (-20005, 'You can only change table in normal time.');
END IF;
END trg_secure_emp;
/
10.8 触发事件，统计
> CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trg_secure_emp
AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON EMP
DECLARE
v_count NUMBER;
v_sal NUMBER(7,2);
BEGIN
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT EMPNO), AVG(SAL) INTO v_count, v_sal FROM EMP;
dbms_output.put_line('Count:'|| v_count||' AvgSal:'||v_sal);
END trg_secure_emp;
/
13.1 创建用户
> CREATE USER GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON SCOTT.EMP TO usera_exer WITH GRANT OPTION; IDENTIFIED BY usera
DEFAULT TABLESPACE USERS QUOTA 10M ON USERS
ACCOUNT LOCK;
13.2
> CREATE USER userb_exer IDENTIFIED BY userb
DEFAULT TABLESPACE USERS QUOTA 10M ON USERS;
13.3 赋权
> GRANT CREATE SESSION TO usera_exer WITH ADMIN OPTION;
> GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON SCOTT.EMP TO usera_exer WITH GRANT OPTION;
13.4 解锁
> ALTER USER usera_exer ACCOUNT UNLOCK;
13.5 登录修改赋权
> GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON SCOTT.EMP TO userb_exer WITH GRANT OPTION;
13.6 禁止授权
> REVOKE CREATE SESSION FROM usera_exer;
> GRANT CREATE SESSION TO usera_exer;
13.7 回收
> REVOKE SELECT, UPDATE ON SCOTT.EMP FROM usera_exer;
> GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON SCOTT.EMP TO userb_exer;
13.8 创建角色
> CREATE ROLE rola;
> CREATE ROLE rolb;
> GRANT CREATE TABLE TO rola;
> GRANT INSERT, DELETE ON SCOTT.EMP TO rola;
> GRANT CONNECT, RESOURCE TO rolb;
13.9 授予角色
> GRANT rola TO usera_exer;
13.10 创建概要文件
> CREATE PROFILE usera_profile LIMIT
CONNECT_TIME 30
IDLE_TIME 10
PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME 20
FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS 4
PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME 10;
> ALTER USER usera_exer PROFILE usera_profile;
14.1 冷备份
> SELECT file_name FROM dba_data_files;
> SELECT member FROM v$logfile;
> SELECT value FROM v$parameter WHERE name='control_files';
> SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE;
/*手动复制粘贴文件*/
> STARTUP
14.2 热备份
/*开启归档模式*/
> SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE
> STARTUP MOUNT
> ALTER DATABASE ARCHIVELOG;
> ALTER DATABASE OPEN;
> SELECT tablespace_name, file_name FROM dba_data_files ORDER BY tablespace_name;
> ALTER TABLESPACE USERS BEGIN BACKUP;
/*手动复制粘贴文件*/
> ALTER TABLESPACE USERS END BACKUP;
/*对其余的表空间进行相同操作*/
> ALTER DATABASE BACKUP CONTROLFILE TO 'D:\tmp\CONTROL.CTL'
> ALTER SYSTEM ARCHIVE LOG CURRENT;
> ALTER SYSTEM SWITCH LOGFILE;
/*手动复制粘贴归档日志文件和初始化参数文件
归档日志文件位置：
show parameter db_recovery_file_dest;
初始化参数文件位置：
SELECT NAME, VALUE FROM V$parameter WHERE NAME='spfile';
*/
14.3
/*参考以上操作*/
14.4 热备份恢复
> SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE
> STARTUP MOUNT
> ALTER DATABASE ARCHIVELOG;
> ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE 'D:\APP\JUNF\ORADATA\ORCL\USERS01.DBF' OFFLINE;
/*复制粘贴DBF文件*/
> RECOVER DATAFILE 'D:\APP\JUNF\ORADATA\ORCL\USERS01.DBF';
> ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE 'D:\APP\JUNF\ORADATA\ORCL\USERS01.DBF' ONLINE;
14.8 EXPDP
/*手动本地建立目录tmp*/
> CREATE OR REPLACE DIRECTORY dumpdir AS 'D:\tmp';
> GRANT READ, WRITE ON DIRECTORY dumpdir TO SCOTT;
/*在cmd敲
expdp scott/scott DIRECTORY=dumpdir DUMPFILE=scott.dmp SCHEMAS=scott
*/
15.4
> set time on
/*直接照打*/
15.5 闪回查询
> set time on
>select * from exercise as of
timestamp to_timestamp('2018-6-6 15:40:10', 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS');
15.6 闪回版本查询
> set time on
> SELECT versions_xid XID, versions_starttime STARTTIME, versions_endtime ENDTIME, versions_operation OPERATION,
sno, sname FROM exercise VERSIONS BETWEEN TIMESTAMP
to_timestamp('2018-6-17 15:35:10', 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS')
AND
to_timestamp('2018-6-16 15:42:10', 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS')
WHERE sno=100 ORDER BY STARTTIME;
15.7 闪回表
> set time on
> ALTER TABLE exercise ENABLE ROW MOVEMENT;
> FLASHBACK TABLE exercise TO TIMESTAMP to_timestamp('2018-6-16 15:40:10', 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS');
15.8 闪回删除
> ALTER SYSTEM SET RECYCLEBIN=ON;
> SELECT OBJECT_NAME, ORIGINAL_NAME, TYPE FROM USER_RECYCLEBIN;
> FLASHBACK TABLE exercise TO BEFORE DROP;
15.9 闪回日志
> ALTER SYSTEM SET db_flashback_retention_target=4320;
15.10 闪回数据库
/*开启归档模式*/
> SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE
> STARTUP MOUNT
> ALTER DATABASE FLASHBACK ON;
> ALTER DATABASE OPEN;
> set time on
/*以上操作都得在表操作之前*/
> SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE
> STARTUP MOUNT EXCLUSIVE
> FLASHBACK DATABASE TO TIMESTAMP (to_timestamp('2018-6-16 15:30:00', 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'));
> ALTER DATABASE OPEN RESETLOGS;