Oracle 11g数据库参数文件误删除恢复

本文测试了误删除spfile，pfile，init.ora等文件后的恢复方法，考虑多种场景，在不同场景下进行参数文件恢复。

第一步：连上数据库，查看spfile文件所在路径

1. [@ora11g ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba
3. SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Wed Aug 2 11:37:08 2017
5. Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.
7. Connected to an idle instance.
9. SYS@cams>startup;
10. ORACLE instance started.
12. Total System Global Area 776646656 bytes
13. Fixed Size        2257272 bytes
14. Variable Size        478154376 bytes
15. Database Buffers    289406976 bytes
16. Redo Buffers        6828032 bytes
17. Database mounted.
18. Database opened.
19. SYS@cams>show parameter pfile;
21. NAME                TYPE    VALUE
22. ------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
23. spfile                string    /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0
24.                         /db_1/dbs/spfilecams.ora

第二步：查看参数文件路径下文件信息

1. [oracle@ora11g ~]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
2. [oracle@ora11g dbs]$ ls
3. hc_cams.dat init.ora lkCAMS orapwcams spfilecams.ora

第三步：为了便于测试，这里创建一个pfile文件

1. SYS@cams>create pfile from spfile;
3. File created.

查看新创建的pfile文件

1. [oracle@ora11g dbs]$ ls
2. hc_cams.dat initcams.ora init.ora lkCAMS orapwcams spfilecams.ora

查看每个参数文件的内容

1. [oracle@ora11g dbs]$ strings spfilecams.ora
2. cams.__db_cache_size=348127232
3. cams.__java_pool_size=4194304
4. cams.__large_pool_size=12582912
5. cams.__oracle_base='/u01/app/oracle'#ORACLE_BASE set from environment
6. cams.__pga_aggregate_target=272629760
7. cams.__sga_target=507510784
8. cams.__shared_io_pool_size=0
9. cams.__shared_pool_size=130023424
10. cams.__streams_pool_size=0
11. *.audit_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/cams/adump'
12. *.audit_trail='db'
13. *.compatible='11.2.0.4.0'
14. *.control_files='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/cams/control01.ctl','/u01/app/
15. oracle/fast_recovery_area/cams/control02.ctl'
16. *.db_block_size=8192
17. *.db_domain=''
18. *.db_name='cams'
19. *.db_recovery_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area'
20. *.db_recovery_file_dest_size=4385144832
21. *.diagnostic_dest='/u01/app/oracle'
22. *.dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=camsXDB)'
23. *.job_queue_processes=1000
24. *.memory_target=780140544
25. *.open_cursors=300
26. *.processes=150
27. *.remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'
28. *.undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'

 

1. [oracle@ora11g dbs]$ cat init.ora
2. #
3. # $Header: rdbms/admin/init.ora /main/23 2009/05/15 13:35:38 ysarig Exp $
4. #
5. # Copyright (c) 1991, 1997, 1998 by Oracle Corporation
6. # NAME
7. # init.ora
8. # FUNCTION
9. # NOTES
10. # MODIFIED
11. # ysarig 05/14/09 - Updating compatible to 11.2
12. # ysarig 08/13/07 - Fixing the sample for 11g
13. # atsukerm 08/06/98 - fix for 8.1.
14. # hpiao 06/05/97 - fix for 803
15. # glavash 05/12/97 - add oracle_trace_enable comment
16. # hpiao 04/22/97 - remove ifile=, events=, etc.
17. # alingelb 09/19/94 - remove vms-specific stuff
18. # dpawson 07/07/93 - add more comments regarded archive start
19. # maporter 10/29/92 - Add vms_sga_use_gblpagfile=TRUE
20. # jloaiza 03/07/92 - change ALPHA to BETA
21. # danderso 02/26/92 - change db_block_cache_protect to _db_block_cache_p
22. # ghallmar 02/03/92 - db_directory -> db_domain
23. # maporter 01/12/92 - merge changes from branch 1.8.308.1
24. # maporter 12/21/91 - bug 76493: Add control_files parameter
25. # wbridge 12/03/91 - use of %c in archive format is discouraged
26. # ghallmar 12/02/91 - add global_names=true, db_directory=us.acme.com
27. # thayes 11/27/91 - Change default for cache_clone
28. # jloaiza 08/13/91 - merge changes from branch 1.7.100.1
29. # jloaiza 07/31/91 - add debug stuff
30. # rlim 04/29/91 - removal of char_is_varchar2
31. # Bridge 03/12/91 - log_allocation no longer exists
32. # Wijaya 02/05/91 - remove obsolete parameters
33. #
34. ##############################################################################
35. # Example INIT.ORA file
36. #
37. # This file is provided by Oracle Corporation to help you start by providing
38. # a starting point to customize your RDBMS installation for your site.
39. #
40. # NOTE: The values that are used in this file are only intended to be used
41. # as a starting point. You may want to adjust/tune those values to your
42. # specific hardware and needs. You may also consider using Database
43. # Configuration Assistant tool (DBCA) to create INIT file and to size your
44. # initial set of tablespaces based on the user input.
45. ###############################################################################
47. # Change '<ORACLE_BASE>' to point to the oracle base (the one you specify at
48. # install time)
50. db_name='ORCL'
51. memory_target=1G
52. processes = 150
53. audit_file_dest='<ORACLE_BASE>/admin/orcl/adump'
54. audit_trail ='db'
55. db_block_size=8192
56. db_domain=''
57. db_recovery_file_dest='<ORACLE_BASE>/flash_recovery_area'
58. db_recovery_file_dest_size=2G
59. diagnostic_dest='<ORACLE_BASE>'
60. dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=ORCLXDB)'
61. open_cursors=300
62. remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'
63. undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'
64. # You may want to ensure that control files are created on separate physical
65. # devices
66. control_files = (ora_control1, ora_control2)
67. compatible ='11.2.0'

 

1. [oracle@ora11g dbs]$ cat initcams.ora
2. cams.__db_cache_size=348127232
3. cams.__java_pool_size=4194304
4. cams.__large_pool_size=12582912
5. cams.__oracle_base='/u01/app/oracle'#ORACLE_BASE set from environment
6. cams.__pga_aggregate_target=272629760
7. cams.__sga_target=507510784
8. cams.__shared_io_pool_size=0
9. cams.__shared_pool_size=130023424
10. cams.__streams_pool_size=0
11. *.audit_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/cams/adump'
12. *.audit_trail='db'
13. *.compatible='11.2.0.4.0'
14. *.control_files='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/cams/control01.ctl','/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/cams/control02.ctl'
15. *.db_block_size=8192
16. *.db_domain=''
17. *.db_name='cams'
18. *.db_recovery_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area'
19. *.db_recovery_file_dest_size=4385144832
20. *.diagnostic_dest='/u01/app/oracle'
21. *.dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=camsXDB)'
22. *.job_queue_processes=1000
23. *.memory_target=780140544
24. *.open_cursors=300
25. *.processes=150
26. *.remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'
27. *.undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'

第四步：模拟参数文件被误删除

1. [oracle@ora11g dbs]$ mkdir backup
2. [oracle@ora11g dbs]$ mv initcams.ora init.ora spfilecams.ora backup/
3. [oracle@ora11g dbs]$ ls
4. backup hc_cams.dat lkCAMS orapwcams
5. [oracle@ora11g dbs]$ ls backup/
6. initcams.ora init.ora spfilecams.ora

第五步：检查数据库是否还能正常工作

1. SYS@cams>select name,open_mode from v$database;
3. NAME    OPEN_MODE
4. --------- --------------------
5. CAMS    READ WRITE

显然，现在数据库是可以正常工作的，因为数据库启动过程中已经将spfile参数文件的信息读到内存中。

第六步：这里模拟在数据库运行时，及时发现参数文件被误删除，进行恢复。

这里需要用到Oracle11gR2的新特性，对于Oracle官方文档的路径为：

Home / Database / Oracle Database Online Documentation 11g?Release 2 (11.2) / Database Administration/SQL Language Reference/What's New in the SQL Language Reference?

可以找到

CREATE PFILE has new syntax that lets you create a parameter file from current system-wide parameter settings.

CREATE SPFILE has new syntax that lets you create a system parameter file from current system-wide parameter settings.

点击create pfile或者create spfile进入链接页面，可以找到SQL命令：

CREATE PFILE [= 'pfile_name' ]

   FROM { SPFILE [= 'spfile_name']

        | MEMORY

        } ;

CREATE SPFILE [= 'spfile_name' ]

  FROM { PFILE [= 'pfile_name' ]

       | MEMORY

       } ;

这里执行恢复语句：

1. SYS@cams>create spfile from memory;
2. create spfile from memory
3. *
4. ERROR at line 1:
5. ORA-32002: cannot create SPFILE already being used by the instance
8. SYS@cams>create pfile from memory;
10. File created.
12. SYS@cams>create spfile='spfilecams1.ora' from memory;
14. File created.

查看恢复后的spfile和pfile文件：

1. [oracle@ora11g dbs]$ strings spfilecams1.ora
2. *.__db_cache_size=320M
3. *.__java_pool_size=4M
4. *.__large_pool_size=12M
5. *.__oracle_base='/u01/app/oracle' # ORACLE_BASE set from environment
6. *.__pga_aggregate_target=260M
7. *.__sga_target=484M
8. *.__shared_io_pool_size=0
9. *.__shared_pool_size=136M
10. *.__streams_pool_size=0
11. *._aggregation_optimization_settings=0
12. *._always_anti_join='CHOOSE'
13. *._always_semi_join='CHOOSE'
14. *._and_pruning_enabled=TRUE
15. *._b_tree_bitmap_plans=TRUE
16. *._bloom_filter_enabled=TRUE
17. *._bloom_folding_enabled=TRUE
18. *._bloom_pru
19. ning_enabled=TRUE
20. *._complex_view_merging=TRUE
21. *._compression_compatibility='11.2.0.4.0'
22. *._connect_by_use_union_all='TRUE'
23. *._convert_set_to_join=FALSE
24. *._cost_equality_semi_join=TRUE
25. *._cpu_to_io=0
26. *._dimension_skip_null=TRUE
27. *._eliminate_common_subexpr=TRUE
28. *._enable_type_dep_selectivity=TRUE
29. *._fast_full_scan_enabled=TRUE
30. *._first_k_rows_dynamic_proration=TRUE
31. *._gby_hash_aggregation_enabled=TRUE
32. *._generalized_pruning_enabled=TRUE
33. *._globalindex_pnum_filter_enabled=TRUE
34. *._gs_an
35. ti_semi_join_allowed=TRUE
36. *._improved_outerjoin_card=TRUE
37. *._improved_row_length_enabled=TRUE
38. *._index_join_enabled=TRUE
39. *._ksb_restart_policy_times='0'
40. *._ksb_restart_policy_times='60'
41. *._ksb_restart_policy_times='120'
42. *._ksb_restart_policy_times='240' # internal update to set default
43. *._left_nested_loops_random=TRUE
44. *._local_communication_costing_enabled=TRUE
45. *._minimal_stats_aggregation=TRUE
46. *._mmv_query_rewrite_enabled=TRUE
47. *._new_initial_join_orders=TRUE
48. *._new_sort_cost_estimat
49. e=TRUE
50. *._nlj_batching_enabled=1
51. *._optim_adjust_for_part_skews=TRUE
52. *._optim_enhance_nnull_detection=TRUE
53. *._optim_new_default_join_sel=TRUE
54. *._optim_peek_user_binds=TRUE
55. *._optimizer_adaptive_cursor_sharing=TRUE
56. *._optimizer_better_inlist_costing='ALL'
57. *._optimizer_cbqt_no_size_restriction=TRUE
58. *._optimizer_coalesce_subqueries=TRUE
59. *._optimizer_complex_pred_selectivity=TRUE
60. *._optimizer_compute_index_stats=TRUE
61. *._optimizer_connect_by_combine_sw=TRUE
62. *._optimizer_connect_by_cost_ba
63. sed=TRUE
64. *._optimizer_connect_by_elim_dups=TRUE
65. *._optimizer_correct_sq_selectivity=TRUE
66. *._optimizer_cost_based_transformation='LINEAR'
67. *._optimizer_cost_hjsmj_multimatch=TRUE
68. *._optimizer_cost_model='CHOOSE'
69. *._optimizer_dim_subq_join_sel=TRUE
70. *._optimizer_distinct_agg_transform=TRUE
71. *._optimizer_distinct_elimination=TRUE
72. *._optimizer_distinct_placement=TRUE
73. *._optimizer_eliminate_filtering_join=TRUE
74. *._optimizer_enable_density_improvements=TRUE
75. *._optimizer_enable_extended_stats=T
76. *._optimizer_enable_table_lookup_by_nl=TRUE
77. *._optimizer_enhanced_filter_push=TRUE
78. *._optimizer_extend_jppd_view_types=TRUE
79. *._optimizer_extended_cursor_sharing='UDO'
80. *._optimizer_extended_cursor_sharing_rel='SIMPLE'
81. *._optimizer_extended_stats_usage_control=192
82. *._optimizer_false_filter_pred_pullup=TRUE
83. *._optimizer_fast_access_pred_analysis=TRUE
84. *._optimizer_fast_pred_transitivity=TRUE
85. *._optimizer_filter_pred_pullup=TRUE
86. *._optimizer_fkr_index_cost_bias=10
87. *._optimizer_full_ou
88. ter_join_to_outer=TRUE
89. *._optimizer_group_by_placement=TRUE
90. *._optimizer_improve_selectivity=TRUE
91. *._optimizer_interleave_jppd=TRUE
92. *._optimizer_join_elimination_enabled=TRUE
93. *._optimizer_join_factorization=TRUE
94. *._optimizer_join_order_control=3
95. *._optimizer_join_sel_sanity_check=TRUE
96. *._optimizer_max_permutations=2000
97. *._optimizer_mode_force=TRUE
98. *._optimizer_multi_level_push_pred=TRUE
99. *._optimizer_native_full_outer_join='FORCE'
100. *._optimizer_new_join_card_computation=TRUE
101. *._optimiz
102. er_null_aware_antijoin=TRUE
103. *._optimizer_or_expansion='DEPTH'
104. *._optimizer_order_by_elimination_enabled=TRUE
105. *._optimizer_outer_join_to_inner=TRUE
106. *._optimizer_outer_to_anti_enabled=TRUE
107. *._optimizer_push_down_distinct=0
108. *._optimizer_push_pred_cost_based=TRUE
109. *._optimizer_rownum_bind_default=10
110. *._optimizer_rownum_pred_based_fkr=TRUE
111. *._optimizer_skip_scan_enabled=TRUE
112. *._optimizer_sortmerge_join_inequality=TRUE
113. *._optimizer_squ_bottomup=TRUE
114. *._optimizer_star_tran_in_with_clause=TRU
115. *._optimizer_system_stats_usage=TRUE
116. *._optimizer_table_expansion=TRUE
117. *._optimizer_transitivity_retain=TRUE
118. *._optimizer_try_st_before_jppd=TRUE
119. *._optimizer_undo_cost_change='11.2.0.4'
120. *._optimizer_unnest_corr_set_subq=TRUE
121. *._optimizer_unnest_disjunctive_subq=TRUE
122. *._optimizer_use_cbqt_star_transformation=TRUE
123. *._optimizer_use_feedback=TRUE
124. *._or_expand_nvl_predicate=TRUE
125. *._ordered_nested_loop=TRUE
126. *._parallel_broadcast_enabled=TRUE
127. *._partition_view_enabled=TRUE
128. *._pivot_imple
129. mentation_method='CHOOSE'
130. *._pre_rewrite_push_pred=TRUE
131. *._pred_move_around=TRUE
132. *._push_join_predicate=TRUE
133. *._push_join_union_view=TRUE
134. *._push_join_union_view2=TRUE
135. *._px_minus_intersect=TRUE
136. *._px_partition_scan_enabled=TRUE
137. *._px_pwg_enabled=TRUE
138. *._px_ual_serial_input=TRUE
139. *._query_rewrite_setopgrw_enable=TRUE
140. *._remove_aggr_subquery=TRUE
141. *._replace_virtual_columns=TRUE
142. *._right_outer_hash_enable=TRUE
143. *._selfjoin_mv_duplicates=TRUE
144. *._sql_model_unfold_forloops='RUN_TIME'
145. *._sql
146. tune_category_parsed='DEFAULT' # parsed sqltune_category
147. *._subquery_pruning_enabled=TRUE
148. *._subquery_pruning_mv_enabled=FALSE
149. *._table_scan_cost_plus_one=TRUE
150. *._union_rewrite_for_gs='YES_GSET_MVS'
151. *._unnest_subquery=TRUE
152. *._use_column_stats_for_function=TRUE
153. *.audit_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/cams/adump'
154. *.audit_trail='DB'
155. *.background_dump_dest='/u01/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/cams/cams/trace' #Deprecate parameter
156. *.compatible='11.2.0.4.0'
157. *.control_files='/u01/app/oracle/oradata
158. /cams/control01.ctl'
159. *.control_files='/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/cams/control02.ctl'
160. *.core_dump_dest='/u01/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/cams/cams/cdump'
161. *.db_block_size=8192
162. *.db_domain=''
163. *.db_name='cams'
164. *.db_recovery_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area'
165. *.db_recovery_file_dest_size=4182M
166. *.diagnostic_dest='/u01/app/oracle'
167. *.dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=camsXDB)'
168. *.job_queue_processes=1000
169. *.log_buffer=6520832 # log buffer update
170. *.memory_target=744M
171. *.open_cur
172. sors=300
173. *.optimizer_dynamic_sampling=2
174. *.optimizer_mode='ALL_ROWS'
175. *.plsql_warnings='DISABLE:ALL' # PL/SQL warnings at init.ora
176. *.processes=150
177. *.query_rewrite_enabled='TRUE'
178. *.remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'
179. *.result_cache_max_size=1920K
180. *.skip_unusable_indexes=TRUE
181. *.undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'
182. *.user_dump_dest='/u01/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/cams/cams/trace' #Deprecate parameter
184. [oracle@ora11g dbs]$ cat initcams.ora
185. # Oracle init.ora parameter file generated by instance cams on 08/02/2017 13:36:21
186. __db_cache_size=320M
187. __java_pool_size=4M
188. __large_pool_size=12M
189. __oracle_base='/u01/app/oracle' # ORACLE_BASE set from environment
190. __pga_aggregate_target=260M
191. __sga_target=484M
192. __shared_io_pool_size=0
193. __shared_pool_size=136M
194. __streams_pool_size=0
195. _aggregation_optimization_settings=0
196. _always_anti_join='CHOOSE'
197. _always_semi_join='CHOOSE'
198. _and_pruning_enabled=TRUE
199. _b_tree_bitmap_plans=TRUE
200. _bloom_filter_enabled=TRUE
201. _bloom_folding_enabled=TRUE
202. _bloom_pruning_enabled=TRUE
203. _complex_view_merging=TRUE
204. _compression_compatibility='11.2.0.4.0'
205. _connect_by_use_union_all='TRUE'
206. _convert_set_to_join=FALSE
207. _cost_equality_semi_join=TRUE
208. _cpu_to_io=0
209. _dimension_skip_null=TRUE
210. _eliminate_common_subexpr=TRUE
211. _enable_type_dep_selectivity=TRUE
212. _fast_full_scan_enabled=TRUE
213. _first_k_rows_dynamic_proration=TRUE
214. _gby_hash_aggregation_enabled=TRUE
215. _generalized_pruning_enabled=TRUE
216. _globalindex_pnum_filter_enabled=TRUE
217. _gs_anti_semi_join_allowed=TRUE
218. _improved_outerjoin_card=TRUE
219. _improved_row_length_enabled=TRUE
220. _index_join_enabled=TRUE
221. _ksb_restart_policy_times='0'
222. _ksb_restart_policy_times='60'
223. _ksb_restart_policy_times='120'
224. _ksb_restart_policy_times='240' # internal update to set default
225. _left_nested_loops_random=TRUE
226. _local_communication_costing_enabled=TRUE
227. _minimal_stats_aggregation=TRUE
228. _mmv_query_rewrite_enabled=TRUE
229. _new_initial_join_orders=TRUE
230. _new_sort_cost_estimate=TRUE
231. _nlj_batching_enabled=1
232. _optim_adjust_for_part_skews=TRUE
233. _optim_enhance_nnull_detection=TRUE
234. _optim_new_default_join_sel=TRUE
235. _optim_peek_user_binds=TRUE
236. _optimizer_adaptive_cursor_sharing=TRUE
237. _optimizer_better_inlist_costing='ALL'
238. _optimizer_cbqt_no_size_restriction=TRUE
239. _optimizer_coalesce_subqueries=TRUE
240. _optimizer_complex_pred_selectivity=TRUE
241. _optimizer_compute_index_stats=TRUE
242. _optimizer_connect_by_combine_sw=TRUE
243. _optimizer_connect_by_cost_based=TRUE
244. _optimizer_connect_by_elim_dups=TRUE
245. _optimizer_correct_sq_selectivity=TRUE
246. _optimizer_cost_based_transformation='LINEAR'
247. _optimizer_cost_hjsmj_multimatch=TRUE
248. _optimizer_cost_model='CHOOSE'
249. _optimizer_dim_subq_join_sel=TRUE
250. _optimizer_distinct_agg_transform=TRUE
251. _optimizer_distinct_elimination=TRUE
252. _optimizer_distinct_placement=TRUE
253. _optimizer_eliminate_filtering_join=TRUE
254. _optimizer_enable_density_improvements=TRUE
255. _optimizer_enable_extended_stats=TRUE
256. _optimizer_enable_table_lookup_by_nl=TRUE
257. _optimizer_enhanced_filter_push=TRUE
258. _optimizer_extend_jppd_view_types=TRUE
259. _optimizer_extended_cursor_sharing='UDO'
260. _optimizer_extended_cursor_sharing_rel='SIMPLE'
261. _optimizer_extended_stats_usage_control=192
262. _optimizer_false_filter_pred_pullup=TRUE
263. _optimizer_fast_access_pred_analysis=TRUE
264. _optimizer_fast_pred_transitivity=TRUE
265. _optimizer_filter_pred_pullup=TRUE
266. _optimizer_fkr_index_cost_bias=10
267. _optimizer_full_outer_join_to_outer=TRUE
268. _optimizer_group_by_placement=TRUE
269. _optimizer_improve_selectivity=TRUE
270. _optimizer_interleave_jppd=TRUE
271. _optimizer_join_elimination_enabled=TRUE
272. _optimizer_join_factorization=TRUE
273. _optimizer_join_order_control=3
274. _optimizer_join_sel_sanity_check=TRUE
275. _optimizer_max_permutations=2000
276. _optimizer_mode_force=TRUE
277. _optimizer_multi_level_push_pred=TRUE
278. _optimizer_native_full_outer_join='FORCE'
279. _optimizer_new_join_card_computation=TRUE
280. _optimizer_null_aware_antijoin=TRUE
281. _optimizer_or_expansion='DEPTH'
282. _optimizer_order_by_elimination_enabled=TRUE
283. _optimizer_outer_join_to_inner=TRUE
284. _optimizer_outer_to_anti_enabled=TRUE
285. _optimizer_push_down_distinct=0
286. _optimizer_push_pred_cost_based=TRUE
287. _optimizer_rownum_bind_default=10
288. _optimizer_rownum_pred_based_fkr=TRUE
289. _optimizer_skip_scan_enabled=TRUE
290. _optimizer_sortmerge_join_inequality=TRUE
291. _optimizer_squ_bottomup=TRUE
292. _optimizer_star_tran_in_with_clause=TRUE
293. _optimizer_system_stats_usage=TRUE
294. _optimizer_table_expansion=TRUE
295. _optimizer_transitivity_retain=TRUE
296. _optimizer_try_st_before_jppd=TRUE
297. _optimizer_undo_cost_change='11.2.0.4'
298. _optimizer_unnest_corr_set_subq=TRUE
299. _optimizer_unnest_disjunctive_subq=TRUE
300. _optimizer_use_cbqt_star_transformation=TRUE
301. _optimizer_use_feedback=TRUE
302. _or_expand_nvl_predicate=TRUE
303. _ordered_nested_loop=TRUE
304. _parallel_broadcast_enabled=TRUE
305. _partition_view_enabled=TRUE
306. _pivot_implementation_method='CHOOSE'
307. _pre_rewrite_push_pred=TRUE
308. _pred_move_around=TRUE
309. _push_join_predicate=TRUE
310. _push_join_union_view=TRUE
311. _push_join_union_view2=TRUE
312. _px_minus_intersect=TRUE
313. _px_partition_scan_enabled=TRUE
314. _px_pwg_enabled=TRUE
315. _px_ual_serial_input=TRUE
316. _query_rewrite_setopgrw_enable=TRUE
317. _remove_aggr_subquery=TRUE
318. _replace_virtual_columns=TRUE
319. _right_outer_hash_enable=TRUE
320. _selfjoin_mv_duplicates=TRUE
321. _sql_model_unfold_forloops='RUN_TIME'
322. _sqltune_category_parsed='DEFAULT' # parsed sqltune_category
323. _subquery_pruning_enabled=TRUE
324. _subquery_pruning_mv_enabled=FALSE
325. _table_scan_cost_plus_one=TRUE
326. _union_rewrite_for_gs='YES_GSET_MVS'
327. _unnest_subquery=TRUE
328. _use_column_stats_for_function=TRUE
329. audit_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/cams/adump'
330. audit_trail='DB'
331. background_dump_dest='/u01/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/cams/cams/trace' #Deprecate parameter
332. compatible='11.2.0.4.0'
333. control_files='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/cams/control01.ctl'
334. control_files='/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/cams/control02.ctl'
335. core_dump_dest='/u01/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/cams/cams/cdump'
336. db_block_size=8192
337. db_domain=''
338. db_name='cams'
339. db_recovery_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area'
340. db_recovery_file_dest_size=4182M
341. diagnostic_dest='/u01/app/oracle'
342. dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=camsXDB)'
343. job_queue_processes=1000
344. log_buffer=6520832 # log buffer update
345. memory_target=744M
346. open_cursors=300
347. optimizer_dynamic_sampling=2
348. optimizer_mode='ALL_ROWS'
349. plsql_warnings='DISABLE:ALL' # PL/SQL warnings at init.ora
350. processes=150
351. query_rewrite_enabled='TRUE'
352. remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'
353. result_cache_max_size=1920K
354. skip_unusable_indexes=TRUE
355. undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'
356. user_dump_dest='/u01/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/cams/cams/trace' #Deprecate parameter
357. [oracle@ora11g dbs]$

第七步：重启数据库，检查恢复后的参数文件能否正常使用，并进行分析

1. SYS@cams>shutdown immediate;
2. Database closed.
3. Database dismounted.
4. ORACLE instance shut down.
5. SYS@cams>host mv /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/spfilecams1.ora /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/spfilecams.ora
7. SYS@cams>startup;
8. ORA-32004: obsolete or deprecated parameter(s) specified for RDBMS instance
9. ORACLE instance started.
11. Total System Global Area 776646656 bytes
12. Fixed Size        2257272 bytes
13. Variable Size        482348680 bytes
14. Database Buffers    285212672 bytes
15. Redo Buffers        6828032 bytes
16. Database mounted.
17. Database opened.

这里出现ORA-32004: obsolete or deprecated parameter(s) specified for RDBMS instance的问题，是因为background_dump_dest和user_dump_dest两个参数在11gR1中废弃了，在alert日志中可以看到明确提示：

对于两个废弃参数信息，可以查看官方文档

Home / Database / Oracle Database Online Documentation 11g?Release 1 (11.1) / Database Administration/Reference/1?Initialization Parameters

在BACKGROUND_DUMP_DEST目录下看到：

Note:

This parameter is ignored by the new diagnosability infrastructure introduced in Oracle Database 11g Release 1, which places trace and core files in a location controlled by the DIAGNOSTIC_DEST initialization parameter.

在USER_DUMP_DEST目录下看到：

Note:

This parameter is ignored by the new diagnosability infrastructure introduced in Oracle Database 11g Release 1, which places trace and core files in a location controlled by the DIAGNOSTIC_DEST initialization parameter.

第八步：调整pfile参数文件，并创建spfile文件后启动

打开pfile文件，可以看到两个弃用的参数后面都有注释“#Deprecate parameter”

将两个废弃的参数注释，然后生成spfile文件后启动

1. SYS@cams>create spfile from pfile;
3. File created.
5. SYS@cams>startup;
6. ORACLE instance started.
8. Total System Global Area 776646656 bytes
9. Fixed Size        2257272 bytes
10. Variable Size        482348680 bytes
11. Database Buffers    285212672 bytes
12. Redo Buffers        6828032 bytes
13. Database mounted.
14. Database opened.

第九步：模拟在第六步的时候未能及时发现参数文件被误删除，然后数据库关闭了，启动的时候报错。

1. [oracle@ora11g dbs]$ ls
2. backup hc_cams.dat initcams.ora lkCAMS orapwcams spfilecams.ora
3. [oracle@ora11g dbs]$ mkdir backup1
4. [oracle@ora11g dbs]$ mv initcams.ora spfilecams.ora backup1/
5. [oracle@ora11g dbs]$ ls backup1/
6. initcams.ora spfilecams.ora
7. [oracle@ora11g dbs]$ ls
8. backup backup1 hc_cams.dat lkCAMS orapwcams

1. SYS@cams>shutdown immediate;
2. Database closed.
3. Database dismounted.
4. ORACLE instance shut down.
5. SYS@cams>startup;
6. ORA-01078: failure in processing system parameters
7. LRM-00109: could not open parameter file '/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/initcams.ora'

第十步：找到alert日志，通过alert日志中的启动信息恢复pfile参数文件。

1. [oracle@ora11g dbs]$ cd /u01/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/cams/cams/trace/
2. [oracle@ora11g trace]$ ls | grep alert
3. alert_cams.log

找到最近几次成功的日志信息，选取其中正确无误的一条日志信息：

创建pfile文件initcams.ora，将alert日志中的参数信息填入：

1. [oracle@ora11g trace]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
2. [oracle@ora11g dbs]$ ls
3. backup backup1 hc_cams.dat lkCAMS orapwcams
4. [oracle@ora11g dbs]$ vi initcams.ora
5. [oracle@ora11g dbs]$ cat initcams.ora
6.   processes = 150
7.   memory_target = 744M
8.   control_files = "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/cams/control01.ctl"
9.   control_files = "/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/cams/control02.ctl"
10.   db_block_size = 8192
11.   compatible = "11.2.0.4.0"
12.   db_recovery_file_dest = "/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area"
13.   db_recovery_file_dest_size= 4182M
14.   undo_tablespace = "UNDOTBS1"
15.   remote_login_passwordfile= "EXCLUSIVE"
16.   db_domain = ""
17.   dispatchers = "(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=camsXDB)"
18.   job_queue_processes = 1000
19.   audit_file_dest = "/u01/app/oracle/admin/cams/adump"
20.   audit_trail = "DB"
21.   db_name = "cams"
22.   open_cursors = 300
23.   diagnostic_dest = "/u01/app/oracle"

直接使用pfile文件启动数据库：

1. SYS@cams>startup pfile='/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/initcams.ora';
2. ORACLE instance started.
4. Total System Global Area 776646656 bytes
5. Fixed Size        2257272 bytes
6. Variable Size        511708808 bytes
7. Database Buffers    255852544 bytes
8. Redo Buffers        6828032 bytes
9. Database mounted.
10. Database opened.

第十一步：这里假设第十步的alert日志中没找到参数信息，需要进行恢复，假设init.ora还能找到。

1. [oracle@ora11g backup]$ ls
2. initcams.ora init.ora spfilecams.ora
3. [oracle@ora11g backup]$ cat init.ora | grep -v ^# | grep -v ^$ > initcams.ora
4. [oracle@ora11g backup]$ cat initcams.ora
5. db_name='ORCL'
6. memory_target=1G
7. processes = 150
8. audit_file_dest='<ORACLE_BASE>/admin/orcl/adump'
9. audit_trail ='db'
10. db_block_size=8192
11. db_domain=''
12. db_recovery_file_dest='<ORACLE_BASE>/flash_recovery_area'
13. db_recovery_file_dest_size=2G
14. diagnostic_dest='<ORACLE_BASE>'
15. dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=ORCLXDB)'
16. open_cursors=300
17. remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'
18. undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'
19. control_files = (ora_control1, ora_control2)
20. compatible ='11.2.0'

然后根据实际环境情况修改initcams.ora，启动数据库，不过可能会出现部分参数的值与原数据库不一致，需要DBA进行调整。

第十二步：这里假设第十步的alert日志中没找到参数信息，需要进行恢复，假设init.ora不能找到。

1. [oracle@ora11g dbs]$ vi initcams.ora
2. [oracle@ora11g dbs]$ cat initcams.ora
3. db_name='cams'

使用pfile启动数据库：

1. SYS@cams>shutdown immediate;
2. Database closed.
3. Database dismounted.
4. ORACLE instance shut down.
5. SYS@cams>startup pfile='/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/initcams.ora';
6. ORACLE instance started.
8. Total System Global Area 263090176 bytes
9. Fixed Size        2252256 bytes
10. Variable Size        205521440 bytes
11. Database Buffers    50331648 bytes
12. Redo Buffers        4984832 bytes
13. ORA-00205: error in identifying control file, check alert log for more info

检查alert日志

1. [oracle@ora11g trace]$ tail -n 20 alert_cams.log
2. CKPT started with pid=12, OS id=5722
3. Wed Aug 02 14:38:15 2017
4. SMON started with pid=13, OS id=5724
5. Wed Aug 02 14:38:15 2017
6. RECO started with pid=14, OS id=5726
7. Wed Aug 02 14:38:15 2017
8. MMON started with pid=15, OS id=5728
9. Wed Aug 02 14:38:15 2017
10. MMNL started with pid=16, OS id=5730
11. ORACLE_BASE from environment = /u01/app/oracle
12. Wed Aug 02 14:38:15 2017
13. ALTER DATABASE MOUNT
14. ORA-00210: cannot open the specified control file
15. ORA-00202: control file: '/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/cntrlcams.dbf'
16. ORA-27037: unable to obtain file status
17. Linux-x86_64 Error: 2: No such file or directory
18. Additional information: 3
19. ORA-205 signalled during: ALTER DATABASE MOUNT...
20. Wed Aug 02 14:38:15 2017
21. Checker run found 1 new persistent data failures

修改pfile文件，指定control_files参数（如果真的忘了，可以用linux命令查找）

1. [oracle@ora11g dbs]$ find $ORACLE_BASE -name control*
2. /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/oc4j/j2ee/oc4j_applications/applications/em/em/images/database/storage/controlfile.gif
3. /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/apex/images/fck/editor/dialog/fck_spellerpages/spellerpages/controlWindow.js
4. /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/apex/images/fck/editor/dialog/fck_spellerpages/spellerpages/controls.html
5. /u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/cams/control02.ctl
6. /u01/app/oracle/oradata/cams/control01.ctl

1. [oracle@ora11g dbs]$ vi initcams.ora
2. [oracle@ora11g dbs]$ cat initcams.ora
3. db_name='cams'
4. control_files='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/cams/control01.ctl','/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/cams/control02.ctl'

再次使用pfile启动数据库

1. SYS@cams>shutdown immediate;
2. ORA-01507: database not mounted
5. ORACLE instance shut down.
6. SYS@cams>startup;
7. ORACLE instance started.
9. Total System Global Area 263090176 bytes
10. Fixed Size        2252256 bytes
11. Variable Size        205521440 bytes
12. Database Buffers    50331648 bytes
13. Redo Buffers        4984832 bytes
14. ORA-00201: control file version 11.2.0.4.0 incompatible with ORACLE version
15. 11.2.0.0.0
16. ORA-00202: control file: '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/cams/control01.ctl'

查看错误信息

1. [oracle@ora11g dbs]$ oerr ORA 00201
2. 00201, 00000, "control file version %s incompatible with ORACLE version %s"
3. // *Cause: The control file was created by incompatible software.
4. // *Action: Either restart with a compatible software release or use
5. // CREATE CONTROLFILE to create a new control file that is
6. // compatible with this release.

这里需要在参数文件配置一个compatible参数

1. [oracle@ora11g dbs]$ vi initcams.ora
2. [oracle@ora11g dbs]$ cat initcams.ora
3. db_name='cams'
4. control_files='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/cams/control01.ctl','/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/cams/control02.ctl'
5. compatible="11.2.0.4.0"

再次使用pfile启动数据库

1. SYS@cams>shutdown immediate;
2. ORA-01507: database not mounted
5. ORACLE instance shut down.
6. SYS@cams>startup;
7. ORACLE instance started.
9. Total System Global Area 263090176 bytes
10. Fixed Size        2252256 bytes
11. Variable Size        205521440 bytes
12. Database Buffers    50331648 bytes
13. Redo Buffers        4984832 bytes
14. Database mounted.
15. Database opened.

数据库启动成功。同时，我们也从测试过程中知道，参数文件至少需要配置db_name，control_files和compatible等3个参数信息，可以让数据库成功启动。不过启动之后也需要DBA对数据库参数进行调整。