NumPy实现k均值聚类算法（K-means）
一、K-means聚类算法简介
其伪代码如下：
创建k个点作为初始的质心点（随机选择）
当任意一个点的簇分配结果发生改变时
对数据集中的每一个数据点
对每一个质心
计算质心与数据点的距离
将数据点分配到距离最近的簇
对每一个簇，计算簇中所有点的均值，并将均值作为质心
下图展示了对n个样本点进行K-means聚类的效果，这里k取2。
二、NumPy实现
from numpy import *
import time
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# calculate Euclidean distance
def euclDistance(vector1, vector2):
return sqrt(sum(power(vector2 - vector1, 2)))
# init centroids with random samples
def initCentroids(dataSet, k):
numSamples, dim = dataSet.shape
centroids = zeros((k, dim))
for i in range(k):
index = int(random.uniform(0, numSamples))
centroids[i, :] = dataSet[index, :]
return centroids
# k-means cluster
def kmeans(dataSet, k):
numSamples = dataSet.shape[0]
# first column stores which cluster this sample belongs to,
# second column stores the error between this sample and its centroid
clusterAssment = mat(zeros((numSamples, 2)))
clusterChanged = True
## step 1: init centroids
centroids = initCentroids(dataSet, k)
while clusterChanged:
clusterChanged = False
## for each sample
for i in xrange(numSamples):
minDist = 100000.0
minIndex = 0
## for each centroid
## step 2: find the centroid who is closest
for j in range(k):
distance = euclDistance(centroids[j, :], dataSet[i, :])
if distance < minDist:
minDist = distance
minIndex = j
## step 3: update its cluster
if clusterAssment[i, 0] != minIndex:
clusterChanged = True
clusterAssment[i, :] = minIndex, minDist**2
## step 4: update centroids
for j in range(k):
pointsInCluster = dataSet[nonzero(clusterAssment[:, 0].A == j)[0]]
centroids[j, :] = mean(pointsInCluster, axis = 0)
print 'Congratulations, cluster complete!'
return centroids, clusterAssment
# show your cluster only available with 2-D data
def showCluster(dataSet, k, centroids, clusterAssment):
numSamples, dim = dataSet.shape
if dim != 2:
print "Sorry! I can not draw because the dimension of your data is not 2!"
return 1
mark = ['or', 'ob', 'og', 'ok', '^r', '+r', 'sr', 'dr', '<r', 'pr']
if k > len(mark):
print "Sorry! Your k is too large! please contact Zouxy"
return 1
# draw all samples
for i in xrange(numSamples):
markIndex = int(clusterAssment[i, 0])
plt.plot(dataSet[i, 0], dataSet[i, 1], mark[markIndex])
mark = ['Dr', 'Db', 'Dg', 'Dk', '^b', '+b', 'sb', 'db', '<b', 'pb']
# draw the centroids
for i in range(k):
plt.plot(centroids[i, 0], centroids[i, 1], mark[i], markersize = 12)
plt.show()
测试
测试数据是二维的，共80个样本。有4个类。如下
testSet.txt:
1.658985 4.285136
-3.453687 3.424321
4.838138 -1.151539
-5.379713 -3.362104
0.972564 2.924086
-3.567919 1.531611
0.450614 -3.302219
-3.487105 -1.724432
2.668759 1.594842
-3.156485 3.191137
3.165506 -3.999838
-2.786837 -3.099354
4.208187 2.984927
-2.123337 2.943366
0.704199 -0.479481
-0.392370 -3.963704
2.831667 1.574018
-0.790153 3.343144
2.943496 -3.357075
-3.195883 -2.283926
2.336445 2.875106
-1.786345 2.554248
2.190101 -1.906020
-3.403367 -2.778288
1.778124 3.880832
-1.688346 2.230267
2.592976 -2.054368
-4.007257 -3.207066
2.257734 3.387564
-2.679011 0.785119
0.939512 -4.023563
-3.674424 -2.261084
2.046259 2.735279
-3.189470 1.780269
4.372646 -0.822248
-2.579316 -3.497576
1.889034 5.190400
-0.798747 2.185588
2.836520 -2.658556
-3.837877 -3.253815
2.096701 3.886007
-2.709034 2.923887
3.367037 -3.184789
-2.121479 -4.232586
2.329546 3.179764
-3.284816 3.273099
3.091414 -3.815232
-3.762093 -2.432191
3.542056 2.778832
-1.736822 4.241041
2.127073 -2.983680
-4.323818 -3.938116
3.792121 5.135768
-4.786473 3.358547
2.624081 -3.260715
-4.009299 -2.978115
2.493525 1.963710
-2.513661 2.642162
1.864375 -3.176309
-3.171184 -3.572452
2.894220 2.489128
-2.562539 2.884438
3.491078 -3.947487
-2.565729 -2.012114
3.332948 3.983102
-1.616805 3.573188
2.280615 -2.559444
-2.651229 -3.103198
2.321395 3.154987
-1.685703 2.939697
3.031012 -3.620252
-4.599622 -2.185829
4.196223 1.126677
-2.133863 3.093686
4.668892 -2.562705
-2.793241 -2.149706
2.884105 3.043438
-2.967647 2.848696
4.479332 -1.764772
-4.905566 -2.911070
test_kmeans.py
测试代码：
from numpy import *
import time
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
## step 1: load data
print "step 1: load data..."
dataSet = []
fileIn = open('E:/Python/Machine Learning in Action/testSet.txt')
for line in fileIn.readlines():
lineArr = line.strip().split('\t')
dataSet.append([float(lineArr[0]), float(lineArr[1])])
## step 2: clustering...
print "step 2: clustering..."
dataSet = mat(dataSet)
k = 4
centroids, clusterAssment = kmeans(dataSet, k)
## step 3: show the result
print "step 3: show the result..."
showCluster(dataSet, k, centroids, clusterAssment)
运行前后结果对比：
三、算法分析
k-means算法比较简单，但也有几个比较大的缺点：
- （1）k值的选择是用户指定的，不同的k得到的结果会有挺大的不同，如下图所示，左边是k=3的结果，这个就太稀疏了，蓝色的那个簇其实是可以再划分成两个簇的。而右图是k=5的结果，可以看到红色菱形和蓝色菱形这两个簇应该是可以合并成一个簇的：
- （2）对k个初始质心的选择比较敏感，容易陷入局部最小值。例如，我们上面的算法运行的时候，有可能会得到不同的结果，如下面这两种情况。K-means也是收敛了，只是收敛到了局部最小值：
- （3）存在局限性，如下面这种非球状的数据分布就搞不定了：
- （4）数据库比较大的时候，收敛会比较慢。
k-means老早就出现在江湖了。所以以上的这些不足也被世人的目光敏锐的捕捉到，并融入世人的智慧进行了某种程度上的改良。例如问题（1）对k的选择可以先用一些算法分析数据的分布，如重心和密度等，然后选择合适的k。而对问题（2），有人提出了另一个成为二分k均值（bisecting k-means）算法，它对初始的k个质心的选择就不太敏感，这个算法我们以后再分析和实现。
文章出处
作者：zouxy09
来源：CSDN
原文：https://blog.csdn.net/zouxy09/article/details/17589329